Rousseau as Totalitarian free essay sample

Rousseau, known as â€Å"Father of Modern Democratic Theory†, was being accused by other people as a â€Å"Father of Totalitarianism†. This is one of the contentious issues which attack Rousseau’s social contract; he is seen to be advocating totalitarian solution rather democratic. Others may have only misunderstood the concept of totalitarianism but I tell you there is no clear evidence showing he is in favor of totalitarian. Why, then, some considered Rousseau as a totalitarian? Maybe it goes with his controversial concept of general will. The general will can be perceived as an objective truth to which every citizen must conform. Therefore everybody was under the control of the general will. Since totalitarianism is defined as a  political system  where the state holds total authority over the society and seeks to control all aspects of public and private life whenever necessary; this means that the general will can be use as a totalitarian device. We will write a custom essay sample on Rousseau as Totalitarian? or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page But the methods suggested for discovering the general will were basically democratic. This concept was introduced to prevent exploitation and this will only take effect if it is willed by the citizens. In this case, we can see that Rousseau was proposing that the best way for a community to make decisions was really to use democratic procedures. Hence, we cannot condemn him being a totalitarian advocate just because general will reigns. After all, even if it controls every citizen, it still comes from all and it tends always to the preservation and welfare of the whole and every associate. Another thing that can probably make people thinks of Rousseau’s social contract as a totalitarian is due to his view of â€Å"majority binds the rest†. Rousseau was aware that no particular human being knows what the general will truly is that is why he proposes that what the majority has voted, it is the general will, assuming that everybody is thinking for the common good of the community and not for his own self-interest. Now problem the decision of the majority is what rules the community and we don’t even know if they are really thinking for the common good of everybody. They maybe considered as one political group who reigns over the community. This cannot be a valid reason for saying that Rousseau was after a totalitarian government. Remember Rousseau has insisted that the sovereign is the people and not a particular group only. And at the start of the compact, before they have voted for what they think is general will; the people should give their consent to all the laws that will be passed even in their opposition. Despite that the decision of the majority wins, the people still has participated in determining that certain law. Rousseau was merely proposing measures aimed at creating community cohesion and preserving democracy. We can now say that his proposal was really an authentic attempt of finding a form of association which will defend and protect with the whole common force the person and goods of each associate, and in which each, while uniting himself with all, may still obey himself alone, and remain as free as before.

Free Essays on Teen Smoking

The facts are right there on the pack: â€Å"Cigarette smoking causes lung cancer, heart disease and emphysema and may complicate pregnancy.† Many teen smokers say that they regret beginning to smoke when such particulars are conveyed. However, most youth attribute their tendencies of smoking to the glamorization of smoking in the media, depression, and lastly easy access to tobacco. Yet, with all the facts about smoking at their disposal, â€Å"†¦every day almost 5,000 U.S. teens try cigarettes for the first time and about 2,000 continue to become regular smokers†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Therefore, the question remains, why exactly are teens lighting it up. Some speculate that many young people start smoking because of the glamorization of smoking on television, in the movies and in advertisements. When he was still â€Å"alive,† Joe Camel, the cigarette-smoking camel, was reported to be as familiar to 6-year-old children as Walt Disney’s Mickey Mouse. Youth are more impressionable as far as reacting to what they see and hear on the television. Hence, Joe Camel was the perfect marketing tool to attract the attention of teens worldwide. To counteract this practice the FDA stepped in and made a ruling. The FDA rule places restrictions on Tobacco Company’s marketing practices that target large numbers of kids. For example, outdoor advertising will be banned within 1,000 feet of schools and playgrounds, and tobacco company sales or giveaways will be prohibited, as would tobacco company brand-name sponsorships of sporting or entertainment events . With this newly instituted plan, the FDA plans to substantially reduce the number of under age smoking amongst teens. There are also a couple of other factors of teen smoking. One is that smoking is associated with depression. Anxiety and low self-esteem in some cases parallel many teens’ usage of tobacco products as a way to â€Å"self medicate.† Smoking has an effect on the development of depressio... Free Essays on Teen Smoking Free Essays on Teen Smoking In today's world there are many moral issues that take place in society as well as in the business world. On Friday, February 4, 2000, the Washington Post printed an article titled "Underage Smoking Fine Sought for Big Tobacco." Currently and in the past, the tobacco industry has fought many moral issues with the Federal Government and the general public. This particular article written by Charles Babington has two problems, which are, the federal government's threat to increase taxes and fines on the tobacco industry and the industries practice in their advertising which is targeting underage smokers. The first problem the article states is that the Federal Government is threatening to raise taxes on cigarettes and issue fines for any underage smoking. Fining underage smoking could be a possible ploy for the government to raise taxes on all tobacco products. By issuing a $3,000 fine for every underage smoker, the government would generate as much as 6 billion dollars a year. In addition to the fines, President Clinton may also propose to put a 25-cent-per-pack increase in the Federal tax on cigarettes. The moral aspect of this problem is that the federal government is receiving billions off of raising taxes on tobacco products and fines for underage smoking. This money is absorbed into the government and redistributed into society towards other social issues. The excess money the government collects on higher tobacco taxes and fines issued to for underage smoking should be used to educate the general public on how the tobacco companies are providing a dangerous product and can be extremely harmful to the human body. The government also needs to provide a program to help prevent underage smoking in the future. Another problem that was stated in the article was that the tobacco industry was targeting new underage smokers. The underage smokers were targeted through the advertisements on radio programs, television commercials, and so... Free Essays on Teen Smoking The facts are right there on the pack: â€Å"Cigarette smoking causes lung cancer, heart disease and emphysema and may complicate pregnancy.† Many teen smokers say that they regret beginning to smoke when such particulars are conveyed. However, most youth attribute their tendencies of smoking to the glamorization of smoking in the media, depression, and lastly easy access to tobacco. Yet, with all the facts about smoking at their disposal, â€Å"†¦every day almost 5,000 U.S. teens try cigarettes for the first time and about 2,000 continue to become regular smokers†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Therefore, the question remains, why exactly are teens lighting it up. Some speculate that many young people start smoking because of the glamorization of smoking on television, in the movies and in advertisements. When he was still â€Å"alive,† Joe Camel, the cigarette-smoking camel, was reported to be as familiar to 6-year-old children as Walt Disney’s Mickey Mouse. Youth are more impressionable as far as reacting to what they see and hear on the television. Hence, Joe Camel was the perfect marketing tool to attract the attention of teens worldwide. To counteract this practice the FDA stepped in and made a ruling. The FDA rule places restrictions on Tobacco Company’s marketing practices that target large numbers of kids. For example, outdoor advertising will be banned within 1,000 feet of schools and playgrounds, and tobacco company sales or giveaways will be prohibited, as would tobacco company brand-name sponsorships of sporting or entertainment events . With this newly instituted plan, the FDA plans to substantially reduce the number of under age smoking amongst teens. There are also a couple of other factors of teen smoking. One is that smoking is associated with depression. Anxiety and low self-esteem in some cases parallel many teens’ usage of tobacco products as a way to â€Å"self medicate.† Smoking has an effect on the development of depressio...

Compare and contrast the themes and acting or visual style of two Term Paper

Compare and contrast the themes and acting or visual style of two films direct by Robert Zemeckis, except Back to the Future - Term Paper Example Both of them were the super hit films of their times. In this paper a comparison and contrast of the central idea of the two films is made by analyzing the scenes of the films in detail. â€Å"Contact† presents the ideas about future. Eleanor Arroway believes in SETI, the Search for Extra-Terrestrial Intelligence. As a young astronomer, inspired by her father, she tries to set up a contact between humans and aliens. After a lot of effort she is able to make her first contact with the aliens. This incident fills her with fervor and enthusiasm. She invites the astronomers from the whole world to discuss the matter. When the sound signals are analyzed, it is revealed that the aliens are asking the humans to build a machine. The project is carried on with about half a trillion dollars and the machine is built. Eleanor Arroway volunteers herself to be the passenger of the machine. As the machine is launched, it takes Eleanor to another world where she meets with her father. Her fat her discloses some facts to her and she is returned back to home without any evidence. The world finds it difficult to believe on the story of Eleanor, but the unrevealed secrets do present a proof to the claim of Eleanor. Meanwhile, during the course of her struggle, she has an affair with Palmer Joss, a spiritual guide. He is the man who believes in Ellie’s tour to space. Although the film is based on fiction, yet it presents a clear theme. The theme of the film is that humans are extraordinary creatures. They have abilities, not known to even themselves. They do not realize their powers. If they try, they can surely bring a revolution in the whole universe. The above discussed theme seems to be persistent throughout the movie. Ellie, as a child, is inspired by her father because he believes in the ultimate powers of human beings and the vastness of the universe. Then, in her life, she struggles with this concept in her mind, and ultimately she is able to develop a contact with the foreign intelligence. Her pursuit to her goal brings her the fruit of success. She is able to make the first human journey into the stars and deep space. This all depicts the central theme of the film that human nature is mysterious. Mysterious in a sense, that no one can predict; how far the end point of human approach is. This theme of the film is strong enough to convince its viewers. We see thousands of new discoveries and inventions in our daily life. Everyday thousands of scientific innovations are presented throughout the world. We can not say; when this unbroken series of inventions and discoveries will end. The newer and newer inventions and discoveries tell us that human nature is indeed mysterious. There is no end point to it. The main idea of the film is also supported when Ellie meets her father in the other world. The appearance of her father, as an alien, does not look so inspiring. The use of a typical alien appearance should have been better, instead of Ell ie’s father. But, the points argued by her father are really strong. He speaks, to her, of the vast approach of human power. He attributes the development of contact and the making of the machine to humans. He tells her that humans are worth a lot. They see beautiful dreams and horrible nightmares. They can visualize their ideas by transforming these into real. Her father’s words act a source of great inspiration for her, to

Film Studies (thinking film Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Film Studies (thinking film - Essay Example One cannot be condemned or belittled for saying that life often imitates art and vice versa. In fact, it's a statement of facts and contradictions that needs to be revered, understood and deconstructed in its entirety. Now really, it's not that premature to say that our past makes our future, and it's owing to this meticulous and oversensitive fashion that our life moves in that we are caught in this struggle of assessing the correlating what has happened and what is about to happen. Lights, camera, actionfrozen in time, and captured for time's keep! Sure enough, literature and informative articles and write ups give us an insight into the past events and the sands of time that have elapsed over centuries, but it's needless to say that while this past may seem suitably exciting owing to the proficient writings of our forefathers, the cinematic past too speaks clearly, indeed alternatively. Alternative Most will be baffled by the use of the term alternative used to describe cinema. Ho wever, if one sees this medium in isolation, it becomes apparent that the reason for this is because Cinema has always been an alternative to conventional wisdom and movement through the ages. It's a reflection of the time, the aspirations, and the realizations one makes in that period. Its history etched in frames, in dialogue, expressions and color. While the past seems magnificent in its appeal, it goes without saying that it reflects on the future. Cinema has seen a lot of transitions, and manifestations through the years, and its appeal remains unbeatable even now. It's got the power to stop us in our tracks, take note of the direction and the paths we have chosen for ourselves and then question possibilities for the future. While one can go on and on about cinematic brilliance, one thing that cannot escape prominence is its history and its beautiful transformation. And while we are gushing at the past it seems only right to pay tribute to the rich past that has inspired present day cinema. Robert Stam wrote, "Theories do not usually fall into disuse like old automobiles relegated to a conceptual junkyard. They do not die; they transform themselves, leaving traces and reminiscences." While Stam eloquently talks about the old giving way to the new and instigating room for experimentation in the process of this transition, what remains inspiring in all this is the cinema prior to the 1960's which raised the bar for filmmakers and technicians alike. It set the foundation from which great cinema emerged and found acceptance. The era prior to the 1960's gave us filmmakers and pioneering geniuses like John Ford, Sergio Leone, David Lean, Orson Welles, Akira Kurosowa, Stanley Kubrick, Alfred Joseph Hitchcock, and Isaac Julien. The list of filmmakers who have made a niche for themselves is long when you tread the boundaries of world cinema. These are the names of only a few who have paved the way for the new generation filmmakers to follow suit. Many theories developed from this school of thought. Isaac Julien's film, Battle of Algiers, not only thematizes the racialised and sexualized look but also provides audio visual illustrations that highlight the protagonist's angst. One can also further interpret it as a theorized orchestration of looks and glances, captured and analyzed in all their permutations

PBL3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

PBL3 - Essay Example There is no antibody production. There is destruction of the tissues involved and the organs fail to maintain their normal function. B. Cytopathic autoantibodies: This is the correct answer. Antibodies that are directed against one or more of the individuals own proteins are known as autoantibodies. Cytopathic autoantibodies cause degeneration of the cells they affect. In Graves disease, the autoantibodies are directed against the TSH receptor and mimics action of TSH, stimulating adenyl cyclase and increased release of thyroid hormones resulting in thyrotoxicosis. The antibody is known as long-acting thyroid stimulator or thyroid stimulating immunoglobulin. Another similar autoantibody called thyroid growth stimulating immunoglobulins cause growth of thyroid follicular epithelium. Similar T cell mediated autoantibody response causes infiltrative ophthalmopathy (Maitra, p.1172). C. Delayed type hypersensitivity: Inflammatory reactions initiated by mononuclear leukocytes are known as delayed hypersensitivity reactions. These reactions are mediated by T cells and monocytes/macrophages rather than by antibodies and are major mechanism of defense against various intracellular pathogens. They also occur in transplant rejection and tumor immunity. This reaction is not seen in Graves disease. Hence this is not the correct answer (Hinshaw, eMedicine). D. Immediate hypersensitivity: Immediate hypersensitivity is an allergic reaction provoked by re-exposure to a specific type of antigen referred to as an allergen. The plasma cells secrete IgE. The effects of this reaction are vasodilatation and smooth-muscle contraction. Hence this is not the correct answer. E. Immune complex disease: Combination of an epitope with an antibody is immune complex reaction. The effects are due to deposition of these complexes in various organs. This type of reaction is not seen in Graves disease. Hence this is not

Why Do People Need Faith In God Theology Religion Essay

Why Do People Need Faith In God Theology Religion Essay We have known about God since a very long time. We know that in Islam God name is Allah, Hinduism has many Gods and some of them are Ganesh, Vishnu and Brahma, in Hebrew God name is Yahweh, in Christianity God name is Jehovah, Chineses NGod is Yang Yin, one of Greeks Gods is Zeus and so on. We all know it, but we dont know why in different religions God has different names and why some religions have many Gods. May be we never think about it. So my research question is why in different religions God has different names and why some religions have many Gods. In this essay I try to find out answer to these questions. In the Christian Religion, there is only One God, who is a Trinity of Father, Son and Holy Spirit. Jesus was Jew hence He believed and worshipped the only true God Jehovah and always tried to please Him he prayed to Him and loved Him John 17:3 states this means everlasting life the taking in knowledge of YOU (prayer to Jehovah by Jesus) and the One you sent forth (Jesus) He never referred to Himself as God He never said the Holy Spirit was God. You see taking in knowledge of Jesus does not make Him God, but faith in Him is requirement for life. God cannot die but Jesus died for our sins and if we do not respect Jesus new role as Messiah we cannot gain life everlasting. Jehovah is God; Jesus is the son of God as stated in scripture.  [1]   In the Jewish Religion, there is only one God, HaShem (The Name). In deference to Judaism, God is the correct spelling.  [2]   In the Islamic Religion, there is only one God, Allah, and Muhammed is his prophet. Allah has no intermediaries, no spouse, no children, and thus, Allah is ONE. In the Sikh Religion, there is only One, Hari; who has many names and many forms.  [3]   In the Buddhist Religion, there are many Buddhas, but not all buddhists are deists or worshippers of Idols of Buddha. The first Buddha to attain enlightenment is Gautama Buddha, who is worshipped as a God in some strands of Buddhism. The Dalai Llama, for example comes from Tibetan Buddhism, which has deities. Buddha was a Hindu, so he would have been familiar with the Hindu deities.  [4]   In the Hindu Religion, there is one Formless God and a trimurti of Creator, Preserver and Destroyer Gods. There are many other gods and consorts. In the Parsee Religion, Zoroastrianism, there is Ormazd, sometimes called Ahura Mazda or simply Mazda, the most well-known of their Gods.  [5]   There were other deities. In Confucianism, there is Tien (Heaven). Also known as Shang Di(The Lord on High). Ancestors are also worshipped. Taoism has numerous deities. Shinto has numerous deities. Jainism has numerous deites. Africans didnt have a religion, they had Spirituality from which ALL religions began, had Gods such as Isis, Horus, Heru, Ausar,Osirus; Mayan religion has many deities, Ancient Greek and Roman religions all had myths for example Yesus, Thor, Zeus, Mercury. The American Indians had their deities, and the Australian Aboriginals had their Gods and the Dreamtime. There were Norse Gods, Scandinavian Gods, Celtic Gods, Druidic Gods, along with nature religions also. Where ever there is mankind, there you will find worshippers of the Divine.  [6]   So, from this text I understand that many religions have just one God. But in some religions people believe that we more Gods and that there have certain destination. But why, maybe people were easier to believe in something, such as a God to explain different phenomena, phenomena of life or explain some occurring moments in the life of mankind. However, why just this names? Firstly, we need to know what the name is. In the ancient world names were thought to be extremely powerful and to act, in some ways, as a separate manifestation of a person or deity.  [7]  Well, I think that God hasnt particular name, so people named God like that, because they were based on their imagines about him. For example, Muslims, adherents of Islam named God Allah, because it is an Arabic word meaning The God. Greeks imagined that Zeus is the Father of Gods; he is the god of sky and thunder in Greek mythology, so for Greek people Zeus is the main God, because sky is impersonation of world. But why we, people need faith in God? Faith is our motivation to fulfill our purpose. Faith and work are dependent upon one another for existence. Theyre like energy and matter, Yin and yang, opposites, but complements. Without faith its impossible to please God  [8]  , so our relationship with the Lord is dependent on it. Faith is what brings the things God has provided for us from the spiritual realm into the physical realm  [9]  . Our faith is the victory that enables us to overcome the world  [10]  . Everything the Lord does for us is accessed through faith. Human faith can only believe what it can see, taste, hear, smell, or feel; its limited to the five senses. Using natural human faith, we can sit in a chair weve never sat in and believe it will hold us up. We fly in airplanes when we dont fully understand how they work, and we dont know the pilot, but we trust that everything will be okay. That takes human faith, which God gave to every person. Yet when it comes to God, we have to believe things that we cannot see. You havent seen God or the devil. You havent seen heaven or hell. You havent seen sin; therefore, you wouldnt know what you would look like if your sins were taken awa y. However, you have to believe in all these things to be born again. How can you believe in things you cant see? The answer is that you cant believe in invisible things with human faith. You need Gods supernatural faith.  [11]   Sometimes when a person is bad, when he lost everything, he has only faith, belief in something good. We have a lot of good thoughts to believe, but the best of them is the thought of God. In some situations, only faith in God can help keep the kindness, confidence in our heart and move on. In concluded, why in some religions have many Gods? I think in some religions people cant prove or cant explain some phenomenon in life, in nature, so, their think that it all happens because of Gods. For example, if the sky shines for lightning, that gods were angry at someone or at something or if the sun shines brightly, it means that the gods have good mood and they were shone by pleasure because of their eternal, divine life. So people explain all this phenomena. Fine, I have answer for this question, but I didnt answer the question, why in different religions God has different names? I think because different people have a different worldview, so there have different beliefs to God, and there have different religions. If people have similar worldview, similar beliefs and have different religion I think it is wrong, because if all there thinks are similar, they dont need different religions, and they can be one extended religion. I think people need to believe to different Gods names, because they need to prove that their thoughts are different from other. So, I think exactly because of that in different religions God has different names.

Walter Dean Meyers :: essays research papers

Walter Dean Myers expresses a lot of wisdom throughout his stories. In many of his stories he gives the wisdom of fighting for what you believe in. Two such stories are â€Å"The Glory Field† and â€Å"Ida Wells.† Both stories â€Å"warmed in my mind† to help me discover this wisdom.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"The Glory Field† stresses the wisdom of fighting for what you believe in. Throughout the story were examples of this wisdom and how each generation of Lewis overcame their obstacles. One example was how Joshua and Lem fought for their freedom. They didn’t give up after Lem was captured but instead Joshua rescued him and together they continue their journey to freedom. Another example of fighting for what you believe in was how Malcolm fought to get to the family reunion because he believed it was important to be there. Even though his plans were thrown off target after his cousin Shep spent the money for the plane tickets Malcolm fought hard to get to the reunion. They instead took a bus, and when left behind at a rest stop he fought to make it anyway, resorting to hitching a ride on a smelly truck. The characters in â€Å"The Glory Field† fought hard for what they believed in.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Another Walter Dean Myers story that stresses the wisdom of fighting for what you believe in is â€Å"Ida Wells†. In the story Ida Wells overcame many obstacles to achieve her civil rights. One example of Ida Wells fighting for what she believed in was when she was asked to leave her seat on a train and move to the other car. Ida refused to move and fought against the train company by suing them, winning at first, but the verdict was reversed at Supreme Court. Another example of Ida Wells fighting for what she believed in was her movement against lynching. She strongly believed that lynching was an awful thing and needed to be stopped. Walter Dean Meyers :: essays research papers Walter Dean Myers expresses a lot of wisdom throughout his stories. In many of his stories he gives the wisdom of fighting for what you believe in. Two such stories are â€Å"The Glory Field† and â€Å"Ida Wells.† Both stories â€Å"warmed in my mind† to help me discover this wisdom.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"The Glory Field† stresses the wisdom of fighting for what you believe in. Throughout the story were examples of this wisdom and how each generation of Lewis overcame their obstacles. One example was how Joshua and Lem fought for their freedom. They didn’t give up after Lem was captured but instead Joshua rescued him and together they continue their journey to freedom. Another example of fighting for what you believe in was how Malcolm fought to get to the family reunion because he believed it was important to be there. Even though his plans were thrown off target after his cousin Shep spent the money for the plane tickets Malcolm fought hard to get to the reunion. They instead took a bus, and when left behind at a rest stop he fought to make it anyway, resorting to hitching a ride on a smelly truck. The characters in â€Å"The Glory Field† fought hard for what they believed in.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Another Walter Dean Myers story that stresses the wisdom of fighting for what you believe in is â€Å"Ida Wells†. In the story Ida Wells overcame many obstacles to achieve her civil rights. One example of Ida Wells fighting for what she believed in was when she was asked to leave her seat on a train and move to the other car. Ida refused to move and fought against the train company by suing them, winning at first, but the verdict was reversed at Supreme Court. Another example of Ida Wells fighting for what she believed in was her movement against lynching. She strongly believed that lynching was an awful thing and needed to be stopped.

Are Women More Law Abiding Than Men?

The Australian Women's Weekly (1933 – 1982), Wednesday 26 April 1967, page 4, 5 WOMEN ARE REALLY YES, there is in ? ail very few women are that because the average woman opportunities for crime than the could it discovered . . . AND, offenders National Library of Australia are BUT . .. has fewer man? be thal fewer crimes by THE . women , . OR are of those discovered, fewer taken to court? http://nla. gov. au/nla. news-article51272975 I talked to Mr. Gordon senior lecturer at Hawkins, â€Å"// men like were close jails. † up stopped me Comptroller our in of gone to instantly went â€Å"At the could mrtually we startlingThis see him from the former of my head. he said, â€Å"there are moment,† It from figures, to every ing 40 to to specific disparity enormous crimes, must â€Å"Interestingly, â€Å"Either that,† said Mr. they've got men I decided it where have following subject, 6, I dis- there were prisons, Melbourne or furious and negligent 172 act daily Welfare average for Queensland four tern 25 1100 was men In South women. and Aus- with women. the Child of Department N. S. W. prisons For by omission, or and men I checked The women. driving, 21 men and no women. inflicting bodily harm prisoners in male wanton to see if the pat- ith juvenile, so teenage, crime. The figures relate to boys and girls aged eight to 18. held called ‘ tralia ratio the was 864 In Perth it to every men to men 50 Here samples of the 30 latest trial 1964, 52 for murder, of figures N. S. W. stood men and â€Å"In 1955-56,† man couple a by the Department: In 940 women. released' Police women. about was are 1966 over eight to)d 5905 spokes- a court â€Å"there appearances under charged boys Crimes 364 by Act. There were by the were girls. â€Å"We times me, five about accommodation need the women. In men the year 13,850 arrested for lar- same were ceny, and only 2054 Then here were women. the serious driving offences: For bodily harm by for boys need for on parole than we girls. States â€Å"Other Australian similar ratio, a show very so does New Zealand. † inflicting wanton or furious I talked to Mr. more â€Å"For led. ON covered 60 countries are Morony, grinning, â€Å"or pursue the to women do their dirty work for them. † to February 2200 female more it that means you think to men? † asked. morally superior I female, ris- in certain such as mean something. â€Å"Do male burglary. it surely – one the by eight arrests An percent. American compiled show FBI, from varies latest â€Å"The he the ver country, ranging to five to 25 men prisons to every woman. † in NJS. W. â€Å"all me, world. country 40 a exists,† disparity told out Uni- School, prison governor. â€Å"The J. Mr. Crimin- Sydney Law versity another matter, on ology the at statement tracks. It came my Prisons for NSW. , Morony. Vd which women of Institute the . Gordon where there crime is in women freedom. example, it' s 2744 Where women their crime to in one Tunis, but Belgium. 342 â€Å"Here's another ing and Algeria point, to interest- culled world-wide in one from criminal istics: the crime of for â€Å"It normally declines post-war as things get back o normal. † disparity between This male and female crime has, it been noted for seems, centuries. criminologists face women less criminal, and looked for explanations. found in biological the said, than Others in roles played women, the By an the by and one answer and in the in great world, the other the home,, removed from temptation and opportunity. if they will in the cause the added, change society two causes, social. situation role combined mit for lifting, thefts biological The tistics pfain there, daylight, and the staas figures â€Å"The Criminality of prostiby thefts perjury, domestic servants, ccusations, infanti- abortion. cide, and social lack of â€Å"Also writes, he opportunity,† the be rather many in women to instig ator the the performer than act. † (In Mr. Morony's more â€Å"Women phrase, graphic to men their do dirty for them. â€Å") work in- accomplices and frequently escape detected, detection or, if And stigators often A punishment. escape woman's likely she a were reluctant Juries are let her to >> than her charges against man. rnore are her arrest likely to more to off. shopper, at victim male prefer less the is harder shoplifting traditional detec' to than a man. days 0 especially in these elf-service merchandising Though lie. poison, prostitutes, by itself, against In example, by Woman, figures themselves. were and shop- murders false Pol insisted Dr. reported, lak; under- grossly are Policemen the quarrelled with couldn't – is women's expands. mis- give an inaccurate female, because â€Å"masked† crime tends to be often undetected, ^unreported, unpunished. comThe crimes women social, as Still others Few is The They have different men an leading. of the overt m en. found society, with up unexpected conclusion: figures themselves aux cases women submissive more conformist And came â€Å"forces answer ifferences. they nature, in figures concluded by nature are Some are have the value, that around Pollak tution simply accepted at and picture men. gradually Many Barnes female dramatically women are wartime, when doing and jobs taking reserved Criminality of published by Co. , New York, ( American in 1950), the criminologist Dr. Otto in responsibility â€Å"The Women† stat- rises rate rises rate In dramatically freer, are crimes by women property dramatically during 115 e w*r' during w*r' LAW-ABIDING SEX? of reasons can in explana- sorts be advanced tion,† A warder in the women's section at Sydney's LongBay Jail watches prisoners in the exercise yard, lt's . Mr. Hawkins â€Å"The American ogist Talcott said. sociol- Parsons puts lot of stress on the different upbringings a of hardly crowded. and boys girl into girls. â€Å"You i nitiate a *be homemaker-tnother KAY By KEAVNEY from earliest watch can this role. society time, presumably as opporwiden, women are often charged with most alas, their against gible, nearest tery has dearest and most accessible, the family or the neighbor. Assault, for instance, And woman's roles child parer, and nurse sick give her – some are not opportunities available to Of The isn't goingHence they're suffer from frus- to â€Å"Girls are constantly conditioned to be ‘feminine,' boys to be ‘strong,' that is, tough, aggressive, by charac- of female crime, the is experts agree, violence but deceit. And competitive, with not tence sion Inside the variety home, gruesome tend to opportunities their use sex in a of ways, especially as decoys when working with a male accomplice. Dr. Pollak blames both female biology and society this deceitfulness. One way and another, he probably proves his theory that a greater proportion of and all in all, self defence. criminals w omen insis- an self-help, on â€Å"But for nrealistic, true. bound women. marked something and trations. which are most teristic the murderers pilots, to come men. most boy example something that grue- all poison, mys- be initiated. to heroic pre- of certain a boy. The concrete no space traditional food rearer, of to home-maker, as – the â€Å"Girls in their play tend for the mother prepare role. Boys play at being is a husband, neighbor. or jobs are_ and intan- something to in which generally against lover, rival, for so sons. fathers' â€Å"Many often and most and pretty abstract crimes â€Å"against the person. † And, isn't this fathers tunities times. She her mother n But in our urban certain aggresoffice. or put into action. to â€Å"Girls deviate from the in a difpermissible form ferent boys. from way Mostly they want to ‘jump the gun' to play their conventional roles but at – a premature â€Å"When it's rates of crime. things of reasons wants b oy, frustrated, turns to and dreams fantasies likely he's all too which proportion of crimes go undetected, unreported, uncharged, or unpunished. But, in Mr. Hawkins' opinion, even allowing for all the factors Dr. Pollak brings forward, still you get a wide disparity between male and female sorts one factory a The female â€Å"All no in

Antibiotics - Discovery and Resistance

Antibiotics - Discovery and Resistance Antibiotics and antimicrobial agents are drugs or chemicals that are used to kill or hinder the growth of bacteria. Antibiotics specifically target bacteria for destruction while leaving other cells of the body unharmed. Under normal conditions, our immune system is capable of handling the germs that invade the body. Certain white blood cells known as lymphocytes protect the body against cancerous cells, pathogens (bacteria, viruses, parasites), and foreign matter. They produce antibodies which bind to a specific antigen (disease causing agent) and label the antigen for destruction by other white blood cells. When our immune system gets overwhelmed, antibiotics can be useful in assisting the bodys natural defenses in controlling bacterial infections. While antibiotics have proven to be powerful antibacterial agents, they are not effective against viruses. Viruses are not independent living organisms. They infect cells and rely on the hosts cellular machinery for viral replication. Antibiotics Discovery Penicillin was the first antibiotic to be discovered. Penicillin is derived from a substance produced from molds of the Penicillium fungi. Penicillin works by disrupting bacterial cell wall assembly processes and interfering with bacterial reproduction. Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin in 1928, but it wasnt until the 1940s that antibiotic use revolutionized medical care and substantially reduced death rates and illnesses from bacterial infections. Today, other penicillin-related antibiotics including ampicillin, amoxicillin,  methicillin, and flucloxacillin are used to treat a variety of infections. Antibiotic Resistance Antibiotic resistance is becoming more and more common. Due to the prevalent use of antibiotics, resistant strains of bacteria are becoming much more difficult to treat. Antibiotic resistance has been observed in bacteria such as E.coli and MRSA. These super bugs represent a threat to public health since they are resistant to most commonly used antibiotics. Health officials warn that antibiotics should not be used to treat common colds, most sore throats, or the flu because these infections are caused by viruses. When used unnecessarily, antibiotics can lead to the spread of resistant bacteria. Some strains of Staphylococcus aureus bacteria have become resistant to antibiotics. These common bacteria infect about 30 percent of all people. In some people, S. aureus is a part of the normal group of bacteria that inhabit the body and may be found in areas such as the skin and the nasal cavities. While some staph strains are harmless, others pose serious health problems including foodborne illness, skin infections, heart disease, and meningitis. S. aureus bacteria favor the iron which is contained within the oxygen-carrying protein hemoglobin found within red blood cells. S. aureus bacteria break open blood cells to obtain the iron within the cells. Changes within some strains of S. aureus have helped them to survive antibiotic treatments. Current antibiotics work by disrupting so-called cell viability processes. Disruption of cell membrane assembly processes or DNA translation are common modes of operation for current generation antibiotics. To combat this, S. aureus have devel oped a single gene mutation that alters the organisms cell wall. This enables them to prevent breaches of the cell wall by antibiotic substances. Other antibiotic resistant bacteria, such as Streptococcus pneumoniae, produce a protein called MurM. This protein counteracts the effects of antibiotics by helping to rebuild the bacterial cell wall. Fighting Antibiotic Resistance Scientists are taking various approaches to deal with the issue of antibiotic resistance. One method focuses on interrupting the cellular processes involved in the sharing of genes among bacteria such as Streptococcus pneumoniae. These bacteria share resistant genes among themselves and can even bind to DNA in their environment and transport the DNA across the bacterial cell membrane. The new DNA containing the resistant genes is then incorporated into the bacterial cells DNA. Using antibiotics to treat this type of infection can actually induce this transfer of genes. Researchers are focusing on ways to block certain bacterial proteins to prevent the transfer of genes between bacteria. Another approach to fighting antibiotic resistance actually focuses on keeping the bacteria alive. Instead of trying to kill the resistant bacteria, scientists are looking to disarm them and make them incapable of causing infection. The intent of this approach is to keep the bacteria alive, but harmle ss. It is thought that this will help prevent the development and spread of antibiotic resistant bacteria. As scientists better understand how bacteria gain resistance to antibiotics, improved methods for treating antibiotic resistance can be developed. Learn more about antibiotics and antibiotic resistance: Scientists Target Bacterial Transfer of Resistance GenesDisarming Disease-Causing BacteriaBacteria Discovery Could Lead to Antibiotics Alternatives Sources: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Get Smart: Know When Antibiotics Work. Updated 05/01/12. cdc.gov/getsmart/antibiotic-use/antibiotic-resistance-faqs.html

How to Find a Good Job For Yourself When You Have Anxiety

How to Find a Good Job For Yourself When You Have Anxiety Finding the right career path for yourself is a daunting process under any circumstances. If you suffer from anxiety or similar challenges in your everyday life, career choices can seem downright overwhelming sometimes. Everyone faces situational anxiety occasionally, but clinical anxiety (disorders that include social anxiety, panic disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, and phobias) has the potential make professional life more difficult. The good news is that your career is something you can take control of, regardless of a diagnosis- and sometimes making the right decision comes down to being flexible, and honest about what works best for yourself.That means that not every career is created equal. If you’re prone to anxiety, you likely don’t want to add too many potential stress triggers. After all, if your job is making you miserable day in and day out, that’s not a healthy professional arc for anyone. The key to balancing you r career with your anxiety (whether it’s general or social) is finding that sweet spot of doing something that you’re good at doing, and that makes you feel comfortable.Some tips for juggling your anxiety and your professional life.Be realistic about your strengths and limitations. For example, if you have social anxiety, a job working with directly with the public could make you totally miserable for 40 hours a week. Knowing up front what triggers or aggravates your particular brand of anxiety can help you figure out potential danger zones at work, and make choices accordingly.Be flexible. Let’s say you always thought you wanted to be an astronaut, but when you get further along the path, you realize that the stresses and claustrophobia of being in a spacecraft are giving you panic attacks and making you dread whatever comes next. Just because you always thought you should be an astronaut, or you’ve already gone through training, doesn’t mean you have to stay on that exact path. Be open to similar jobs that might not be exactly what you envision doing, but also don’t have the same obligations and stresses. NASA also needs people working in logistics, planning, math, all sorts of other departments. Don’t get locked into a specific idea of what you should be doing.Make your workday work for you. Don’t be afraid to look for accommodations that can be made to minimize anxiety-inducing factors. If constant multitasking and getting pinged all day with email requests spikes your anxiety, try to set up your day in blocks that can be set aside for specific tasks. Find ways to help curve the overwhelm before it happens.Be honest, but not TOO forthcoming. If you have an anxiety disorder, it’s not a good idea to put this in your cover letter or resume, or mention it in an interview. It’s actually illegal for potential employers to ask you about a disability or medical condition, so you don’t wan t to open that can of worms yourself. Instead, focus on the positive: the skills and processes you’ve developed to handle previous jobs, or ways of doing things that have worked best for you in your professional life. For example, if you’re asked about how you handle your daily workload, you don’t have to explain that you prefer emails over phone calls or stand-up meetings because you have social anxiety. You can just note that you’ve found it to be a more efficient and productive option in managing your day-to-day. Focus on the coping mechanisms that make you a better employee all around, not just a better employee with anxiety issues.Look for unorthodox or more flexible work arrangements. If you have severe social anxiety or OCD that makes going in public difficult, think about jobs that let you telecommute or work directly from home, or may be otherwise flexible about the more traditional â€Å"9 to 5 in the office† template.Remember that youâ⠂¬â„¢re an individual, with important strengths and skills. Everyone has Life Stuff that can interfere with everyday work life. Maybe yours just happens to be an anxiety disorder. Whatever your Life Stuff is, never forget that it’s just part of you, and that you bring plenty of skills and qualifications to the table that are not defined by your Life Stuff. Embracing it as part of who you are can help you develop a more fulfilling career for yourself.So if you do have anxiety, what are some jobs and fields that might work well with your anxiety, rather than against it?Medical Laboratory TechnologistHealthcare careers are absolutely booming right now, especially ones that deal in cutting-edge technology. Medical lab technologists collect samples from patients (blood, other body fluids, tissue, and other body substances) to help make a diagnosis or determine treatment. This job typically requires a bachelor’s degree in the sciences, and may require additional licensing or certification, depending on the state. The median salary for medical laboratory technologists is $50,550, per the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.Why is it good for anxiety? If you suffer from social anxiety and do better in an environment with limited interaction with others, a lab can be an ideal setting. Working in healthcare can also help provide concrete goals that let you concentrate on the patient or test at hand, and tune out other anxieties.Veterinary TechnicianVeterinary technicians (or vet techs) provide day-to-day medical care for animal patients, working with veterinarians to diagnose and treat conditions and injuries in animals. To become a veterinary technician, you’ll need at least an associate’s degree in the field, and likely state licensing/certification as well. The median salary for veterinary technicians is $31,800, per the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.Why is it good for anxiety? If the idea of working with humans stresses you out, animals can be a good alternative. You’ll always have human coworkers (unless you’re Dr. Doolittle), but being able to focus on the animals and their care may help alleviate some stress and anxiety for you.Elementary School TeacherElementary school teachers are on the front lines of educating our youth. These teachers are typically responsible for teaching general topics to kids (English/reading, math, science, and social studies), or may specialize in particular subjects or disciplines (physical education, art, music, school library, etc.). Teachers have bachelor’s degrees in education, and often a master’s as well (though many teachers complete their master’s degree after they start teaching). The median salary for elementary school teachers is $54,550, per the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.Why is it good for anxiety? To some, the idea of standing in front of a classroom full of expectant young faces, ready to learn, can be terrifying. But hear me out- wo rking with kids may be less intimidating than working with adults, and having the structured goals of curriculum and classroom schedules can help with anxieties.Fitness InstructorFitness instructors work with classes or individuals to develop and maintain physical fitness. They can be trainers who work one-on-one with clients, or teachers who lead classes at gyms, spas, fitness centers, etc. There is no specific education requirement to become a fitness instructor or trainer, but many states do require that instructors and trainers become licensed or certified in the areas they want to teach. . The median salary for fitness instructors is $31,160, per the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.Why is it good for anxiety? Many people find that working out, eating right, and performing advanced self-care helps with anxiety. If that works well for you personally, why not have it work for you professionally too? A career as a fitness instructor can help you channel your personal challenges and anxieties into helping others achieve results as well. This also has the benefit of being a very flexible job, letting you set up class schedules and appointments based on what works for you (full-time or part-time), and specializing in particular area of fitness expertise. If Extreme Bootcamp Monster Fitness isn’t your thing, teaching early morning yoga classes might be more your speed. It’s a field that can be tailored to your personal strengths and talents.Additionally, it is not a field with a lot of distractions. If multitasking is your biggest trigger, teaching fitness lets you focus literally on what your body (or your clients’ bodies) are doing at this moment in time.Landscape DesignerLandscape designers are responsible for planning and designing outdoor spaces like yards, gardens, lawns, and other outdoor spaces. Landscape designers typically complete a bachelor’s degree, plus an internship or residency program. The median salary for landscape d esigners is $63,810, per the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.Why is it good for anxiety? Plants are known soothers, and like working with animals, it is kind of a built-in stress reliever. For people who have OCD or similar disorders, it can also be a way to focus on planning and details productively.If you have an anxiety disorder, you don’t have to suck it up and spend your career reacting to stressors. You have the power to choose a career path that works for you- and whether that’s in a field you’ve always wanted to go into, or an industry you hadn’t really considered before, you have the ability to make it work for you. Good luck!

Examination skills- preparation and technique Assignment

Examination skills- preparation and technique - Assignment Example Firstly, it cannot be under-emphasized the one of the most effective techniques is to prioritize the study material. For instance, far too many people engage in the process of revising and devote equal amounts of time to each facet of the information that they might be tested upon. This is a flawed strategy due to the fact that certain parts of the information will come cleary and as second nature to the student; by means of comparison, other aspects of the information may be much harder to understand and require a more thorough approach. Similarly, the setting of revision is oftentimes overlooked. For instance, studies have proven that 1 hour of quality and uninterrupted study time is more effective than many hours of continual interrupted study time and/or distractions (Hing Sun, 2005). As such, a particularly useful technique that I have employed in the past is to set aside a give portion of time as a means of studying. In much the same way that other aspects of the day are planned out, revising can be accomplished within a similar technique. A further technique that should be employed is to resist the pitfall of seeking to memorize everything. Even if one has an exceptionally good memory, this particular approach is pointless as it creates little understanding and does not further the educational achievement of the student beyond merely regurgitating information back onto the page. Finally, and perhaps most obviously, the temptation of cramming for exams must be resisted at all costs. Although many students swear by their ability to procrastinate until the very last minute and then stay up for days at a time as a means of rapidly understanding and memorizing key information, studies and research into these techniques have definitively proven that this approach is fundamentally flawed and ultimately leads to a lower overall score as compared to those students that were able to set aside a given amount

Cross Cultural Communication and Management essay

Cross Cultural Communication and Management - Essay Example racted to work â€Å"in and of itself,† while extrinsic motivation refers to being engaged with work because of external variables, such as management support and the organisational rewards system and practices (Dewett, 2007, p.198). The main tools of analyses for this paper come from Hofstede’s Cultural Dimensions and Deutsch’s (1973) theory of cooperation and competition. The subject matter is motivation and the country analyzed is Macau. Organisations that participated were Chinese firms. Motivation strategies through empowerment for Chinese employees in Macau hotels moderately support the perceived effects of high Power Distance (PDI) (Hofstede, 2012) and relates to how empowerment includes cooperation and other external support that can enhance employee performance (Humborstad et al., 2008). Psychological empowerment consists of â€Å"the additive effects, or gestalt of three separate dimensions validated by Spreitzer (1995)† and these dimensions are â€Å"impact, competence, and self-determination† (Drake, Wong, and Salter, 2007, p.72). Employee motivation refers to what drives people to be attracted to their work. Intrinsic motivation pertains to how individuals are attracted to work â€Å"in and of itself,† while extrinsic motivation refers to being engaged with work because of external variables (Dewett, 2007, p.198). Examples of intrinsic motivation are pleasure and entertainment attained from jobs. PDI symbolizes â€Å"the degree to which the less powerful members of a society accept and expect that power is distributed unequally† (Hofstede, 2012). Power distance stands for the nation’s score in how they deal with social inequality (Hofstede, 2012). Inequality happens in areas of fame, wealth, and power, and different societies provide different weights on the consistency for these areas of inequalities (Hofstede, 2012). Values are â€Å"desired end states or standards by which persons evaluate experience, and are largely defined in terms of their